| Topic | Key Facts & Highlights |
|---|---|
| 1. Fifty Years of the National Emergency (1975-1977) | - June 25, 1975: Emergency imposed by PM Indira Gandhi under Article 352. - Features: Suspension of fundamental rights, press censorship, mass arrests, rule by decree. - Duration: Ended on March 21, 1977. - Significance: Critical for understanding democratic safeguards and constitutional history. |
| 2. Axiom-4 Mission: India's Human Spaceflight Milestone | - Indian astronaut: Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla spent 18 days on ISS. - Orbits: 288 around Earth. - Splashdown: July 15, 2025, in the Pacific Ocean. - Impact: Strengthened India's role in global space research. |
| 3. Nepal's Gen Z Protest & Political Upheaval | - September 2025: Youth-led protests against social media restrictions & corruption. - Result: PM K.P. Sharma Oli resigned (Sept 9), replaced by Interim PM Sushila S. Karki (Sept 12). - Significance: Highlights youth movements & political transitions in South Asia. |
| 4. Ranveer Allahbadia Controversy & Obscenity Laws | - Issue: Remarks on a comedy show triggered debate on freedom of expression vs obscenity laws. - Legal Context: Hicklin Test (1868) & Ranjit D. Udeshi vs Maharashtra (1964). - Impact: Revived discussions on legal standards for content regulation. |
| 5. Donald Trump's Reciprocal Tariffs Announcement | - April 2025: 10% base tariff on all imports, followed by country-specific duties. - "Liberation Day": Term used by Trump. - Implementation: After 90-day pause, enforced from August 27, 2025. - Global Impact: Disrupted trade norms & supply chains. |
| 6. The Ghibli Trend & AI Ethics Debate | - March 2025: AI-generated Ghibli-style art went viral. - Concerns: Copyright infringement, ethical AI use, future of creative jobs. - Studio Ghibli: Founded in 1985 by Hayao Miyazaki, Isao Takahata, Toshio Suzuki. - Miyazaki's stance: Criticized AI art for lacking human emotion. |
| 7. Chola Dynasty & Rajendra Chola I | - July 2025: PM Modi visited Gangaikonda Cholapuram for 1000 years of Rajendra Chola I's SE Asia expedition. - Commemorations: Coin unveiled, exhibition on Chola naval power. - Historical Significance: Cholas were a longest-ruling dynasty, expanded maritime influence. |
| 8. India Becomes Fourth Largest Economy | - IMF Report (April 2025): India surpassed Japan to become 4th largest economy. - Growth: Projected as fastest-growing major economy for next 2 years. - Factors: Strong macroeconomic fundamentals & long-term potential. |
| 9. Caste Census Approval | - April 30, 2025: Cabinet approved inclusion of caste data in census. - Announced by: Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw. - Historical Context: First census (1872), synchronous census (1881 under W.C. Plowden). - Debate: Links to social justice & governance policies. |
| 10. Implementation of India's Four Labour Codes | - Effective from: November 21, 2025. - Codes: 1. Code on Wages (2019) 2. Industrial Relations Code (2020) 3. Code on Social Security (2020) 4. OSH Code (2020). - Aim: Simplify compliance, uniform wages, expand social security coverage. - Replaced: 29 central labour laws. |
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